Migration
• Migration (human) is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semipermanent residence, usually across a political boundary. An example of “semipermanent residence” would be the seasonal movements of migrant farm laborers. People can either choose to move (“voluntary migration”) or be forced to move (“involuntary migration”).
• Migrations have occurred throughout human history, beginning with the movements of the first human groups from their origins in East Africa to their current location in the world.
• Migration occurs at a variety of scales:
a. Intercontinental (between continents),
b. Intracontinental (between countries on a given continent), and
c. Interregional (within countries).
• One of the most significant migration patterns has been rural to urban migration—the movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of opportunities.
• Migrations have occurred throughout human history, beginning with the movements of the first human groups from their origins in East Africa to their current location in the world.
• Migration occurs at a variety of scales:
a. Intercontinental (between continents),
b. Intracontinental (between countries on a given continent), and
c. Interregional (within countries).
• One of the most significant migration patterns has been rural to urban migration—the movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of opportunities.
Types of migration
a) Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent.
b) External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent.
c) Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from England).
d) Immigration: Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).
e) Population Transfer: When a government forces a large group of people out of a region, usually based on ethnicity or religion. This is also known as an involuntary or forced migration.
f) Impelled Migration (also called “reluctant” or “imposed” migration): Individuals are not forced out of their country, but leave because of unfavorable situations such as warfare, political problems, or religious persecution.
g) Step Migration: A series of shorter, less extreme migrations from a person’s place of origin to final destination—such as moving from a farm, to a village, to a town, and finally to a city.
h) Chain Migration: A series of migrations within a family or defined group of people. A chain migration often begins with one family member who sends money to bring other family members to the new location. Chain migration results in migration fields—the clustering of people from a specific region into certain neighborhoods or small towns.
i) Return Migration: The voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin.
This is also known as circular migration.
j) Seasonal Migration: The process of moving for a period of time in response to labor or climate conditions
a) Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent.
b) External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent.
c) Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from England).
d) Immigration: Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).
e) Population Transfer: When a government forces a large group of people out of a region, usually based on ethnicity or religion. This is also known as an involuntary or forced migration.
f) Impelled Migration (also called “reluctant” or “imposed” migration): Individuals are not forced out of their country, but leave because of unfavorable situations such as warfare, political problems, or religious persecution.
g) Step Migration: A series of shorter, less extreme migrations from a person’s place of origin to final destination—such as moving from a farm, to a village, to a town, and finally to a city.
h) Chain Migration: A series of migrations within a family or defined group of people. A chain migration often begins with one family member who sends money to bring other family members to the new location. Chain migration results in migration fields—the clustering of people from a specific region into certain neighborhoods or small towns.
i) Return Migration: The voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin.
This is also known as circular migration.
j) Seasonal Migration: The process of moving for a period of time in response to labor or climate conditions
PULL AND PUSH FACTORS OF MIGRATION
There are a number of reasons why people choose to migrate to another country.
Globalisation has increased the demand for workers from other countries in order to sustain national economies. Known as “economic migrants,” these individuals are generally from impoverished developing countries migrating to obtain sufficient income for survival.This income is usually sent home to family members in the form of remittances and has become an economic staple in a number of developing countries. People also move or are forced to move as a result of conflict, human rights violations, violence, or to escape persecution.
Another reason people move is to gain access to opportunities and services or to escape extreme weather. This type of movement is usually from rural to urban areas and is known as “internal migration.” Socio-cultural and geo-historical factors also play a major role. In North Africa, for example, being an immigrant in Europe is considered a sign of social prestige. Moreover, there are many countries which were former European colonies. This means that many have relatives that live legally in Europe, who often constitute an important help for immigrants who have just arrived in a European country. Relatives might help with job research and accommodation. The geographical proximity of Africa to Europe and the long historical ties between Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries also prompt many to migrate.
Push factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, are in many cases, they are forced because the individual risk something if they stay. Push factor may include conflict, drought, famine-natural disaster, war, few jobs or extreme religious activity.
Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities are also strong push factors for migration. Other strong push factors include race and discriminating cultures, political intolerance and persecution of people who question the status quo.
Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to leave their home. Those factors are known as place utility, which is the desirability of a place that attracts people. Better economic opportunities, more jobs, and the promise of a better life often pull people into new locations. Sometimes individual haves ideas and perception about places that are not necessarily correct, but are strong pull factors for that individual. As people grow older and retire, many look for places with warm weather, peaceful and comfortable locations to spend their retirement after a lifetime of hard work and savings. Such ideal places are pull factors too.
Very often, people consider and prefer opportunities closer to their location than similar opportunities closer to their location than similar opportunities farther away. In the same vein, people often like t move to places with better cultural, political, climatic and general terrain in closer locations than locations farther away. It is rare to find people move over very long distances to settle in places that they have little knowledge of.
Impacts of migration
Human migration affects population patterns and characteristics, social and cultural patterns and processes, economies, and physical environments. As people move, their cultural traits and ideas diffuse along with them, creating and modifying cultural landscapes.
a) Diffusion: The process through which certain characteristics (e.g., cultural traits, ideas, disease) spread over space and through time.
b) Relocation Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc. that move with people from one place to another and do not remain in the point of origin.
c) Expansion Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc., that move with people from one place to another but are not lost at the point of origin, such as language.
d) Cultural markers: Structures or artifacts (e.g., buildings, spiritual places, architectural styles, signs, etc.) that reflect the cultures and histories of those who constructed or occupy them.
There are a number of reasons why people choose to migrate to another country.
Globalisation has increased the demand for workers from other countries in order to sustain national economies. Known as “economic migrants,” these individuals are generally from impoverished developing countries migrating to obtain sufficient income for survival.This income is usually sent home to family members in the form of remittances and has become an economic staple in a number of developing countries. People also move or are forced to move as a result of conflict, human rights violations, violence, or to escape persecution.
Another reason people move is to gain access to opportunities and services or to escape extreme weather. This type of movement is usually from rural to urban areas and is known as “internal migration.” Socio-cultural and geo-historical factors also play a major role. In North Africa, for example, being an immigrant in Europe is considered a sign of social prestige. Moreover, there are many countries which were former European colonies. This means that many have relatives that live legally in Europe, who often constitute an important help for immigrants who have just arrived in a European country. Relatives might help with job research and accommodation. The geographical proximity of Africa to Europe and the long historical ties between Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries also prompt many to migrate.
Push factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, are in many cases, they are forced because the individual risk something if they stay. Push factor may include conflict, drought, famine-natural disaster, war, few jobs or extreme religious activity.
Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities are also strong push factors for migration. Other strong push factors include race and discriminating cultures, political intolerance and persecution of people who question the status quo.
Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to leave their home. Those factors are known as place utility, which is the desirability of a place that attracts people. Better economic opportunities, more jobs, and the promise of a better life often pull people into new locations. Sometimes individual haves ideas and perception about places that are not necessarily correct, but are strong pull factors for that individual. As people grow older and retire, many look for places with warm weather, peaceful and comfortable locations to spend their retirement after a lifetime of hard work and savings. Such ideal places are pull factors too.
Very often, people consider and prefer opportunities closer to their location than similar opportunities closer to their location than similar opportunities farther away. In the same vein, people often like t move to places with better cultural, political, climatic and general terrain in closer locations than locations farther away. It is rare to find people move over very long distances to settle in places that they have little knowledge of.
Impacts of migration
Human migration affects population patterns and characteristics, social and cultural patterns and processes, economies, and physical environments. As people move, their cultural traits and ideas diffuse along with them, creating and modifying cultural landscapes.
a) Diffusion: The process through which certain characteristics (e.g., cultural traits, ideas, disease) spread over space and through time.
b) Relocation Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc. that move with people from one place to another and do not remain in the point of origin.
c) Expansion Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc., that move with people from one place to another but are not lost at the point of origin, such as language.
d) Cultural markers: Structures or artifacts (e.g., buildings, spiritual places, architectural styles, signs, etc.) that reflect the cultures and histories of those who constructed or occupy them.
Measuring migration
In-migration: people moving into one place from another place within a nation (internal migration).
Out-migration: people moving out of one place to another place within a nation (internal migration).
Gross migration: total number of in-migrants and out-migrants (internal migration).
Net internal migration: the difference between in-migration and out-migration.
Movers from abroad: people coming into a nation from another country or part of the world.
Net migration: the difference between net internal migration and movers from abroad.
In-migration: people moving into one place from another place within a nation (internal migration).
Out-migration: people moving out of one place to another place within a nation (internal migration).
Gross migration: total number of in-migrants and out-migrants (internal migration).
Net internal migration: the difference between in-migration and out-migration.
Movers from abroad: people coming into a nation from another country or part of the world.
Net migration: the difference between net internal migration and movers from abroad.
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