1. History of Planning in India

History of Planning in India

First of all the idea of planned economy was crystallized in 1930s when our national leaders came under the influence of socialist philosophy. India’s Five year plans were very much impressed by the rapid strides achieved by the USSR through five years plans.

In 1934, Sir M. Visvesvaraya had published a book titled “Planned Economy in India”, in which he presented a constructive draft of the development of India in next ten years. His core idea was to lay out a plan to shift labor from agriculture to industries and double up National income in ten years. This was the first concrete scholarly work towards planning. The economic perspective of India’s freedom movement was formulated during the thirties between the 1931 Karachi session of Indian National Congress, 1936 Faizpur session of India National Congress.

National Planning Committee

The first attempt to develop a national plan for India came up in 1938. In that year, Congress President Subhash Chandra Bose had set up a National Planning Committee with Jawaharlal Nehru as its president. However the reports of the committee could not be prepared and only for the first time in 1948 -49 some papers came out.

Bombay Plan

In 1944 Eight Industrialists of Bombay viz. Mr. JRD Tata, GD Birla, Purshottamdas Thakurdas, Lala Shriram, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, AD Shroff , Ardeshir Dalal, & John Mathai working together prepared “A Brief Memorandum Outlining a Plan of Economic Development for India”. This is known as “Bombay Plan”. This plan envisaged doubling the per capita income in 15 years and tripling the national income during this period. Nehru did not officially accept the plan, yet many of the ideas of the plan were inculcated in other plans which came later.

People’s Plan

People’s plan was drafted by MN Roy. This plan was for ten years period and gave greatest priority to Agriculture. Nationalization of all agriculture and production was the main feature of this plan. This plan was based on Marxist socialism and drafted by M N Roy on behalf of the Indian federation of Lahore.

Gandhian Plan

This plan was drafted by Sriman Nayaran, principal of Wardha Commercial College. It emphasized the economic decentralization with primacy to rural development by developing the cottage industries.

Sarvodaya Plan

Sarvodaya Plan (1950) was drafted by Jaiprakash Narayan. This plan itself was inspired by Gandhian Plan and Sarvodaya Idea of Vinoba Bhave. This plan emphasized on agriculture and small & cottage industries. It also suggested the freedom from foreign technology and stressed upon land reforms and decentralized participatory planning.

Planning and Development Department

In August 1944, The British India government set up “Planning and Development Department” under the charge of Ardeshir Dalal. But this department was abolished in 1946.

Planning Advisory Board

In October 1946, a planning advisory board was set up by Interim Government to review the plans and future projects and make recommendations upon them.

Planning Commission

Immediately after independence in 1947, the Economic Programme Committee (EPC) was formed by All India Congress Committee with Nehru as its chairman. This committee was to make a plan to balance private and public partnership and urban and rural economies. In 1948, this committee recommended forming of a planning commission. In March 1950, in pursuance of declared objectives of the Government to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production and offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community, the Planning Commission was set up by a Resolution of the Government of India as an advisory and specialized institution. Planning Commission was an extra-constitutional body, charged with the responsibility of making assessment of all resources of the country, augmenting deficient resources, formulating plans for the most effective and balanced utilization of resources and determining priorities. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Chairman of the Planning Commission.

National Development Council

Government of India could take the initiative to set up the planning commission only by virtue of provision in the constitution which made Economic & Social planning an item in Concurrent list. The Resolution to set up a planning commission was actually based upon the assumption that the roots of Centre- State cooperation should be deeper. Later, in 1952, the setting up of the National Development Council was in fact a consequence of this provision.

2. Decentralised Planning

Essay on Decentralised Planning In India

In this essay we will discuss about Decentralised Planning in India. After reading this essay you will learn about: 

1. Introduction to Decentralised Planning in India 

2. Importance of Decentralised Planning in India 

3. Objectives 

4. Performance.

Introduction to Decentralised Planning in India:

Decentralised planning is a kind of percolation of planning activities or process from the Centre to the sub- state levels, i.e., district, sub-division, block and village level. Since the inception of First Plan, the importance of decentralised planning was emphasised in order to achieve active people’s participation in the planning process.

In 1957, the Government appointed Balwant Rai Mehta Committee which recommended constitution of elected statutory local bodies with its required resources, power and authority along with a decentralised administrative system operating under its control. Accordingly, the Panchayati Raj System was introduced in India.

Since then the process of decentralisation in the planning and developmental activities was continued. In 1969, the Planning Commission issued some guidelines on the introduction of district planning. Again in 1977; M.L. Dantewala working group recommended specific guidelines for the introduction of block-level planning. After that Ashok Mehta Committee has also submitted its report on Panchayati Raj in 1978.

Moreover, the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, finally presented its Report on Decentralisation of Development Planning and its implementation in the states in 1983. Finally, in 1984, the Group on District Planning submitted its report and this was considered as the basis of proposals on decentralised planning under the Seventh Plan.

Accordingly, the Planning Commission of India introduced the decentralised planning in the country for the first time during the Seventh Plan. From the very beginning, India has adopted the system of centralised planning with little variation.

But with the passage of time there has been radical departure in the planning process in India from a centralised to a decentralised one where the decision making in the planning process has been reversed from top-to-bottom type to a system of bottom-to-top type.

Thus the decentralised planning is a kind of planning at the grass-root level or planning from below. Planning process in a country is having various tiers, viz., centre, state, district, sub-division, block and village. Under decentralised planning emphasis has been given on the introduction of district planning, sub-divisional planning and block-level planning so as to reach finally the village level planning successfully.

In India, Governmental activities are being performed right from the central to states and then to local, i.e., to the districts level (Zilla Parishads), taluk level (Panchayat Samities) and also to the village level (Gram Panchayats). But it now being observed that this type of centralised planning process is not at all conducive to optimum utilisation of plan resources.

Thus in order to realise a better response, the Planning Commission of India introduced the decentralised planning since the Seventh Plan. Although in most of the states of India, the decentralised planning was extended to district level but in some states like Assam, West Bengal etc. the same plan was decentralised up to sub-division level.

Accordingly, in order to conduct the planning activities at the sub-divisional level, the Sub­division Planning and Development Council was formed in every sub-division of some states with public representatives from different levels.

This council prepares various developmental plans for agriculture, irrigation, elementary education, road building, social afforestation, fishery, industrialisation, community development etc. of different sub-divisions of various states. These Councils are then entrusted to submit the required estimates of developmental works of different departments and then prepare and implement sub-divisional plan as per the approved outlay.

Decentralised planning is very much important in a country like India, where majority of our population live in rural areas. These types of plans raise the involvement of the people in implementing the plan.

Moreover, decentralised planning is being prepared in the light of local problems and on the basis of local resources potential. Thus under the present economic scenario, the decentralised planning is considered as most important strategy in respect of planning for economic development.

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Importance of Decentralised Planning in India:

Following are some of the important functional factors responsible for adoption of decentralised planning in the present context in India:

(i) Better Linkages between the Villages and Small Towns:

Considering the huge size and proportion of rural population in India, it is felt that proper linkages must be established between dispersed small villages and also between such villages and adjacent small towns by developing appropriate infrastructural facilities such as feeder roads, improved transport facilities, marketing and storage facilities, health and sanitation facilities and other welfare centres. Under decentralised planning better linkages between villages and small towns can be developed under local conditions, priorities and resources.

(ii) Planning Becomes Realistic and Flexible:

Decentralised planning is considered as more realistic as it maintains a close coordination between locally available resources, local skills, local manpower and local requirements. It is considered as a flexible one as it is easily adjustable and adaptable under the changing local conditions and requirements.

Moreover, it is considered as the practical one as it can fulfill the normal requirements of the rural population. Adaptation and flexibility of planning largely depends upon the environment prevailing in each region and sub-region. Thus decentralised planning can achieve the best result in implementing plan projects at the local level.

(iii) Development of Agriculture:

Decentralised planning is suitable for the development of agricultural and allied activities such as animal husbandry, horticulture, fisheries, forestry along with development of village and cottage industries.

(iv) Promote People’s Participation:

Decentralised planning can promote active participation of local people in implementing various local plans and programmes. Thus it can enhance the involvement of local communities in such development activities.

(v) Minimising Wastage of Resources:

Under decentralised planning, wastage of resources can be reduced to a minimum level as the people participating in these developmental activities keep a close watch over the utilisation of fund as well also on the implementation of plan projects.

(vi) Trickle Down Effects:

Decentralised planning can show more trickle down or percolation effects in respect of poverty alleviation programmes and employment generation in rural areas as in this type of planning, various projects are selected for generating huge productive employment opportunities in the rural areas.

Moreover, this can help in building up of various types of community assets, viz., panchayat house, village roads, schools, tanks etc. which can supplement rural income and also can enhance the levels of living of the rural people.

(vii) Social Services:

Decentralised planning is helpful in raising the level of social services by launching various programmes of health, nutrition, drinking water, education etc. in a more effective, quicker and sustainable manner.

(viii) Use of Non-conventional Energy Sources:

Decentralised planning is more helpful in utilizing the various non-conventional energy sources such as solar power, wind, animal and plant wastes etc. in rural areas. Such utilisation of non-conventional energy sources requires various agencies which can work in close association with communities in villages and small towns and also can provide necessary technical and financial support from such agencies. Decentralised planning can pave the way for utilisation of such resources.

(ix) Simple Planning Process:

Decentralised planning process is more simple and transparent and thus it has a close link with democracy, co-operation and development. It has a vast scope for the active involvement of political and social forces at the appropriate level.

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Objectives of Decentralised Planning:

Decentralised planning is introduced in India with certain definite objectives.

Following are the three important objectives of decentralised planning:

1. Effective implementation of poverty eradication programme;

2. Ensuring balanced regional development for meeting minimum needs of the people, and

3. Ensuring active public participation in the development process of different sectors.

Thus the main objective of the decentralised planning is to attain balanced development throughout the country with active participation of the people and to eradicate poverty.

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Performance of Decentralised Planning in India:

In India, the process of decentralized planning and its performance is depending upon the activities of Panchayati Raj Institutions established at the district, block and village levels. At the district level there are Zila Parishads or Councils, at the block level there are Panchayat Samitis and at the village level a number of Gram Pachayats are working for the implementation of various plan projects.

In India, under decentralised planning, plans are formulated at the grass root level with the help of elected representatives of Panchayati Raj Institutions, state administration at the district and block levels and financial institutions. In order to have a successful decentralised planning, the planning machinery in the country must be suitably developed both at the district, sub-division and block level.

In India, various states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, Assam, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir etc. have already adopted decentralised planning seriously. But there are large deviation in respect of adoption of decentralised planning among the various states of the country.

While the bigger states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan could not achieve much success in respect of decentralised planning and states like Punjab and Haryana did not even feel necessity but the states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, Assam and Karnataka have already adopted decentralised planning in a more vigorous manner.

Among these various states, the experiences of Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal and Karnataka in respect of decentralised planning are providing useful lessons to other states of the country. Moreover, effects of decentralised planning in West Bengal percolate to the village level. But the overall performance of decentralised planning in India is not at all commensurate to its expectations.

Causes of Dismal Performance of Decentralised Planning in India:

Following are some of important factors which are responsible for dismal performance of decentralised planning in India:

(i) Unsuccessful Land Reforms:

The success of decentralised planning depends much on the implementation of land reform measures viz., imposition of land ceiling and the redistribution of surplus lands, tenancy reforms, consolidation of holdings etc.

Under the semi-feudal conditions, land reforms in India could not be carried upon as per its true spirit. The Panchayati Raj institutions are dominated by landed interests and naturally they failed to show much interest in the implementation of beneficiary oriented programmes in rural areas of the country.

(ii) Lack of Proper Administrative Bodies:

In India, decentralised planning could not achieve much success due to lack of adequate administrative bodies at the local level for the implementation of its various programmes. Till today, various state governments failed to develop proper administrative bodies at the district and block level representing the local people having adequate norms.

(iii) Lack of Adequate Resource Transfer:

The government machinery has also failed to develop adequate managerial structures for also to finalize the modalities of decentralised planning in detailed form.

(iv) Ad-Hocism:

State governments are often following the path of ad-hocism as the regular elections of village panchayats and other local bodies are not being held. Thus the decentralised planning has not became effective and thus failed to become a powerful instrument of social change in India.

(v) Absence of Effective Organization:

In the absence of effective organisation of marginal and small farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward sections, there is no proper representation of these sections in the local bodies for serving their economic interests.

(vi) Regional Disparities:

Various states of India adopting decentralised planning could not make much headway in reducing regional disparities in respect of development. Among various states, disparities have been accentuated in respect of Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh, Maratha Wada and Vidarbha in Maharashtra, Uttarakhand and Northern parts of West Bengal etc.

District planning machineries have failed to stem the problem of regional backwardness in various states. This has raised a disincentive factor against the popularity of decentralised planning among the non-implementing states.

(vii) Use of Inferior Resources:

In the rural area, superior resources are under the effective control of elite section of rural society and the productive resources like forests, minerals etc. are also under the control of rich urban located groups having adequate financial resources.

Thus under such circumstances, decentralised planning machinery has been dealing with inferior type of resources having low potential return factor. Thus due to its involvement with inferior resources only, the performance of decentralised planning as an instrument of development and change is not at all satisfactory.

Thus in India, decentralised planning has shown dismal performance due to these above mentioned factors.

Improving Performance of Decentralised Planning in India:

In India, economists, social scientists and political thinkers consider the decentralised planning as the sole machinery for the control and solution of country’s serious economic problems like poor growth rate, poverty, inequality, unemployment, unbalanced growth, regional inequalities etc. During the last forty years of centralised planning, the country has failed to tackle all these economic problems in appropriate manner.

Thus, in order to tackle these problems effectively, the planning process in India should be decentralised at the grass root or local level in an appropriate manner. Although the Seventh Plan has introduced the decentralised planning process in a serious manner but the Eighth Plan (1992-97) has given special emphasis on the decentralised planning process for local area planning.

Following are some of important measures which are to be adopted for the improvement of performance of decentralised planning in India:

1. Panchayati Raj Institutions of the country should be strengthened for the effective implementation of decentralised planning.

2. Proper organisations of marginal and small farmers, landless agricultural labourers, artisans, scheduled castes and scheduled tribe community and other backward classes should be developed for their proper representation in local bodies.

3. Land reforms and other institutional reforms must be introduced for the successful implementation of decentralised planning in India.

4. For wiping out regional disparities in respect of economic development, decentralised planning should be adopted simultaneously among all the states of the country. In order to have a proper shift from centralised planning process to decentralised planning process, the country should adopt a uniform policy throughout the country.

5. State governments should make necessary arrangement for devaluation of funds in adequate quantity for Panchayati Raj Institutions along with mobilisation of local private capital.

6. In order to have successful implementation of decentralised planning at the district level, district planning bodies should be formed taking various experts from different discipline like economies, agriculture, statistics, banking, sociology, animal husbandry etc.

7. In order to have successful implementation of decentralised planning, modalities of its implementation have to be sorted out systematically. Role of such agencies and functionaries needs to be clearly defined and demarcated.

Moreover, government administrative machinery, elected people’s representatives and banks should co-operate effectively for proper implementation of decentralised planning in India. Thus, in order to have proper implementation of economic planning, decentralisation of the planning process throughout the country is the need of the hour.

2.1 Sarkaria Commission Recommendations

Sarkaria Commission Recommendations

In view of the growing pressure for the greater autonomy, in June 1983 the Union Government appointed a commission under the chairmanship of Justice R.S. Sarkaria to review the question of centre state relations. The commission submitted its report to the then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi  on 27 October 1987.

• Sarkaria Commission went at considerable length into the justification for establishing a permanent Inter-State Council as an independent national forum for consultation with a mandate well defined in accordance with article 263.
• The Commission recommended that for coordination of policies and implementation in a dual polity especially in view of large areas of common interest and shared action requires a sustained process of contact, consultation and interaction, for which a proper forum is necessary.
• The Commission observed that executive powers of the Union and States overlap in many areas and as such division of matters in Union List and State List is not absolute. Several entries overlap.
• Then in implementation of its laws and policy Union is largely dependent on State administrations. Union and States can entrust their executive functions to each other. States are dependent on Union for fiscal resources and in many administrative matters.
• Interdependence is indispensable in a diverse and developing society. Institutionalized and sustained consultation is indispensable in view of this interdependence. The Commission recommended setting up of a Council under article 263 of the Constitution for this purpose.
• Commission observed that there has been a pervasive  trend  towards greater centralization  of powers over the years and narrow personal interests have been given priority over larger national interest. It did not favour limiting  of the powers  of the union  or transfer of various subjects to state or concurrentlists. However, it recommended  a process of consultation by the centre on al concurrent subjects, which is not being done at present. The important recommendations of the commission included :
• Formation of an inter-governmental council consisting of the prime minister and chief ministers of states to decide collectively on various aspects of governance that cause friction between centre and states.
• Sparing use of article 356 of the constitution should be made and all possibilities of formation of an alternative government must be explored before imposing presidential rule in the state. the state assembly should not be dissolved unless the proclamation is approved by the parliament.
• It rejected the demand for the abolition of office of governor as well as his selection from a panel of names given by the state governments. However, it suggested that active politicians should not be appointed governors. When the state and the centre are ruled by different political parties, the governor should not belong to the ruling party at the centre. Further, the retiring governors should be debarred from accepting any office of profit.
• The judges of high courts should not be transferred without their consent.
• The three-language formula should be implement in its true spirit in all the states in the interest  of unity and integrity of the country.
• The work of the union and the state governments, which directly affects the local people must be carried out in the local language.
• Central control over radio and television should be relaxed and the individual  Kendra’s  should be free to decide about the timing for the relay of national hook-up programmes.
• It favored amendments for sharing certain taxes between the centre and the states, even though it generally opposed the curtailment of the center’s powers.
• In the financial sphere it did not favor any drastic changes in the basic scheme of division of taxes but favored sharing of corporation tax and levy of consignment tax.
• It did not favor disbanding of all-India services in the interest of the country’s integrity. Instead, it favored new all-India services.
• It made a strong case for inter-state councils but insisted that these should be used only for the purpose mentioned  in article 263 of the constitution.
• It favored retention of the national development council and suggested activation of the zonal councils.
• It found the present division of functions between the finance commission and the planning commission as reasonable  and favored continuance of this arrangement.
• It favoured determination of terms of reference of the finance commission in consultation with the state governments. It also suggested setting  up of similar expert bodies  at the state level.

We can see that Sarkaria Commission did not suggest any drastic changes in the existing scheme. However, it favoured several constitutional and functional changes to remove irritants in the centre-state relations. Neither the congress (I) government under Rajiv Gandhi, nor the national front government under V.P. Singh, accepted the recommendations of the Sarkaria commission.

The Government under P.V. Narasimha Rao decided to implement some recommendations but the United Front government under H D Deva Gowda, soon after assumption of power in June 1996, announced its intention to fully implement  the Sarkaria  commission.

• Accordingly, it activated the inter-state council after a gap of six years, and decides to set up a panel to examine in depth the contentious issues relating to centre-state relations.

To promote healthy centre-state relations, the united front government favoured a system of decisions-making. This policy was also continued by the BJP led coalition government. In January 1999, the inter-state council decided  to accept  124 recommendations  of the sarkaria  commission. In 2001 the interstate council decided that the governor, after demitting office, would be banned from returning to active politics that chief ministers on the appointment of governors, the governor can, however, become vice-president or president.

The inter-state council covered 59 recommendations of the sarkaria commission, which touched upon the role of the governors, legislative relations, inter-governmental council, mines and minerals, all-India services, mass media and languages.

Further it was decided that :

• Taxation power, which were so far in the union list, should be shifted to the concurrent  list in view of the need for  states to mobilize  more resources.
• For all legislations in respect of subject on the concurrent list, there should be active consultation with the state government, except  in emergent cases.
• States should be allowed to impose local or municipal taxes on industrial or commercial  properties owned by the centre.
• Regarding institution of a commission of inquiry against a minister  in a state,  it was decided to build appropriate  safeguards in the commission of inquiry  act to prevent  its misuse by centre.

The issue of centre-state relations again came up for consideration before the inter-state council at its meeting held at Srinagar in august 2003. The council  insisted on incorporation  of certain  safeguards in the constitution  so that president’s rule could not be imposed in the state under article 356 it insisted  that article 356 should be used only as a last resort.

3. Poverty

Poverty | Causes, Effects And Best Prevention Of Poverty | Essay

Poverty 

As long as poverty, injustice and gross inequality persist in our world, none of us can rest. 

Poverty in India

Meaning

Poverty means that people who are situated by deprived of basic necessities of life.  Those people not have basic needs like food, cloth, and shelter i.e. poverty. There is lack of essential needs in life for subsistence in all state privation.

Most of the people are not getting essential needs and them also not getting two meals a day. In India, one of the largest poverty place of countries. There are so much people are poor in India. They are not getting the proper house for live and his children are not getting the proper schooling.

Over the 65th year of our independence day, there are so much poverty in India. Some poor people become so depressed and deprived class just because they have not proper food and nutrition.  In India, their poor people condition is not sufficiently improved.

Urban poverty in India

Most of the people are living in the urban area because of the poverty. The most growing and developing countries. But there is day by day population is increasing. Urban population has so much poverty.

• Poor people migrate from rural areas to cities and towns in search of employment/financial activity.
• In addition to this, there are around 4.5 crore urban people whose income level is on borderline of the poverty line.
• The revenue of more than eight crore urban people is estimated to fall below poverty line (BPL).
• Banks and Financial institutions are reluctant to provide them the loan because of the unstable income.
• An income of urban poor is highly unstable. A large number of them are either casual workers or self-employed.
• Five states that constitute around 40% of all urban poor people of India are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh.
• A large portion of people living in slums is illiterate.
• Around 35% of the total population of the four metro cities (Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai) consists of slum population.
• The initiatives taken to deal with the problem of urban poverty has not yielded the desired results.

Rural poverty in India

Rural India is a heart of India, but in reality the rural people also not satisfied with his place. In rural India, there is severe poverty and people are living in rural area. The condition of poor people is far from satisfactory. The report on Socio-Economic and Caste census is follows that:

• There are 18.46% people are belongs to scheduled cast and around 10.97% belongs to schedule tribes. It is the all rural households to become a Schedule cast and scheduled tribes.
• Manual causal labor jobs and cultivation are the primary sources of income for rural people. Nearly 51 percent of all households are economically engaged in casual manual labour, and nearly 30 percent of them are involved in cultivation.
• According to the census, there are around 48.5% of rural households are deprived.
• Around 29.69% rural families have much of the vehicles included the (Two wheelers, Boat, etc.). There are some families are using his refrigerator while they have all vehicles.
• In rural India, some of the people are paying tax, such as 4.58% rural households are paying tax.
• Most of the people have his land in the rural area, but around 56% of the people have not any land for his homes.
• The houses of around 54 percent rural families consist of either one or two-rooms. Out of them, around 13 percent lives in a one-room house.

Causes of poverty

Poverty makes the unequal distribution of wealth. At the growing population inflates the problem of poor techniques. There are rich person are exploiting to the poor people for increase his own wealth. This is resulted in India; the poverty main reason is rising populations, vast gap between rich and poor, corruption and black money. This all activity effects to the India and it became poverty.

• Lack of facilitate agriculture

The poverty of India is mainly depending upon the agriculture but this is not doing well in this country. There are 80% of the people are depend on the agriculture. But our agriculture is in a bad way. Farmers are poor and uneducated. They do not know the modern methods of farming. They have no real facilities of irrigation. They do not get seeds and fertilizers in time. Thus, the yield reduced. Agriculture is not profitable today. We face the shortage of food. We have to import it. So, poor agriculture is one of the causes of India’s poverty.

• Increase population

In our country the population is growing rapidly. But whatever resources are not available here for growing population. There is shortage of everything. The growth in population creates problems for us. Today, our population is 1.20 billion; tomorrow we will be 1.21 billion and so on. We need more food, more houses, and more hospitals for them. So we have no money to spend on development projects. The ever-growing rate of population must be checked. If not, we may not be able to remove India’s poverty.

• Wide gap between rich and poor

Poverty overcome wide gap between rich and poor in India. This is the main reason of poverty. The rich are growing richer and the poor are becoming poorer. This economic gap between the two must be reduced. Our social system should be changed. The poor people must get all help to reap the fruits of Independence.

• Corruption and black money

Poverty has corruptions in every walk of life. There is inefficiency in offices. People have become selfish. They neglect the national interests. Black money causes the problem of rising prices. Some people have all the privileges. But many others are suffering. Black money affects our economy. It creates poverty.

Effects of poverty

• Illiteracy

In Poverty of India, the people are not growing, therefore, the illiteracy. Poor people are becoming primary reason illiteracy. They do not get any education, and it is tough for poor individuals who have not the necessity of life.

• Child labour

In India, there are most of the boys and girls are uneducated and doing work as a child labour. They became the victim of child labour reason is poverty.

• Problem in living condition

Poverty makes the people for the insufficient place to be live. They have not a proper place to live there. Most of the low-income families are living in houses with one room only.

• Less of nutrition

Poverty is the leading cause of inadequate diet and insufficient nutrition. The resources of poor people are very limited, and its effect can see in their food.

• Unemployment

Poor people move from villages to towns and form one city to another in search of employment/work. Since they are mostly illiterate and un-skilled, there are very few job opportunities open to them. Due to unemployment, many poor people are forced to live an unfulfilled life.

• Awareness towards sanitation

A poverty person has a mere knowledge about hygiene, and they are very careless about this all.  They are not aware of the harmful consequences of not maintaining proper hygiene. The government is taking initiatives to make available clean and safe water, and proper sanitation system to them.

• Feminization of poverty

Poverty effects on most of the women compare then man. Women are the worst victim of poverty. The total of poor women outnumbers the total population of poor people. The causes include low income, gender-inequality, etc. They deprived of proper-diet, medicines and health treatment.

• Concentration in social disparity

The poverty is the reason for a number of people is distributed between rich and poor people. Concentration of wealth in the hands of few rich people leads to social disturbances and revolts. Fair or even distribution of wealth leads an overall improvement in general standard of living of individuals. There are the income disparity and unequal distribution of national wealth between the wealthy and poor people.

Prevention of Poverty

We should solve the poverty with all make a unity in this country. It will be very encouraged and helpful for all.

• There are farmers must get all facilities for irrigation to solve his agriculture problem.
• Farmers should take an excellent training and education of the better farming.
• Agriculture will become so much profitable when all training and teaching provide to them.
• An every year the rising population should check by a census.
• Family planning schemes should introduce at everywhere.
• There should not be any corruption in India. Everyone should do his work efficiently in his offices.
• For developing country, more and more industries should be set up to meet the needs of the country.

Conclusion

Poverty is the very big problem for country. It should solve on a war footing. Our government is taking a step to step for developing a country. Eradication of poverty would ensure a sustainable and inclusive growth of economy and society. We all should do everything possible and within our limits to help alleviate poverty from our country.